Also, North Dakota ranked at the bottom for its share of public high school students taking advanced placement exams at 13%.

North Dakota ranked 49th in the WalletHub report for per-capita venture capital.

Neighboring Minnesota ranked 16th in the WalletHub comparison and South Dakota ranked 41st.

North Dakota also ranked near the bottom in a comparison of spending on research and development, a standard measure of innovative competitiveness, by business.org.

For every 100,000 residents, research and development spending in North Dakota totaled $2,500, ranking it 42nd, according to business.org. California ranked topped the list at $1.1 million, followed by Massachusetts at $215,600.

South Dakota lagged behind North Dakota, ranking 48th with spending of $1,510. Minnesota did not rank among the top 10 or bottom 10 states and was not listed in the 2019 business.org ranking.

Most of the least innovative states were heavily rural with fewer metropolitan areas, the business.org report noted. “It seems R&D dollars tend to come from more urban states,” the report said.

The National Science Foundation ranked North Dakota 44th in research and development funding, which totaled $592 million in 2017. South Dakota ranked 51st with $343 million, and Minnesota ranked 18th with $8.4 billion.

North Dakota fared better in a report by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation evaluating state performance on enterprise. “North Dakota remains a top economic performer,” the 2015 report said.

The Chamber report ranked North Dakota first in economic performance, sixth in business climate and first in “talent pipeline.”

James Leiman, North Dakota’s commerce commissioner, said the state continues work to encourage innovation investments.

“North Dakota is working diligently on becoming more innovative with new investment opportunities to attract and retain energy tech, ag tech, bio tech, etc.,” he said, adding the administration of Gov. Doug Burgum has proposed $40 million to invest in research and development.

The North Dakota Department of Commerce has used its “innovation and investment portfolio to attract tens of millions of new capital for startups,” Leiman said.

“North Dakota has the most sophisticated unmanned systems technology growth in the nation,” he said.

In Burgum’s $1.25 billion bonding proposal — which was whittled down to $680 million in the House but might see some restorations in the Senate — the governor recommended using Legacy Fund earnings to pay for investments to further economic diversification, community development and strategic initiative. That includes value-added energy and agriculture, unmanned aerial systems as well as research and innovation in higher education and the private sector.

Proposals before the North Dakota Legislature also would boost university research funding, including a plan to use Legacy Fund earnings and other sources that would generate more than $30 million in the next two-year budget.